๊น€๋ณดํฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ „ 

Towards 


์ผ์‹œ : 2020. 5. 15 - 2020. 7. 12

์žฅ์†Œ : KUMHO MUSEUM OF ART



์ˆœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „์กฐ: 

ํ•œ ์†ก์ด ๊ฝƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ


๊ธฐํ˜œ๊ฒฝ (๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์žฅ)

 

์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๊น€๋ณดํฌ๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ์˜ ํ’๊ด‘์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์™•๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ œ2์˜ ํ„ฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์ฃผ ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™”์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ด์–ด ๊ธธ์„ ๋‚˜์„œ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ˆˆ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ์†์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ™”๋ฉด ์†์— ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งค์ผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘ ์•ž ์ •์›๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ํ’€์žŽ, ๊ฝƒ์†ก์ด, ๋‚˜๋ฌด์™€ ์ƒˆ, ์‚ฐ์ฑ…๊ธธ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์™€ ์ œ์ฃผ์˜ ํ’๊ด‘, ๊ทธ ์†์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ถ ์† ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งค์ผ ์ž๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ œ ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฝƒ๋Œ€์— ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ”ผ๊ณ , ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ์—ด๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋งบํžŒ๋‹ค.

 

์ด๋ฒˆ ์ „์‹œ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์ธ ‘Towards’๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•จ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด์˜ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์ธ ‘towards’๋Š” ‘๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š”, ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ “~๋กœ”’ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋œป์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๋™๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ‘Towards’๋ฅผ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ „์‹œ์—์„œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๋™๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ œ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ธด๋‹ค. 

 

์ œ์ฃผ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ํ’๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”๋ฉด ์†์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋‚ ์”จ ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฌผ์•ˆ๊ฐœ ํ”ผ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ๋…˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ‰์€ ๋…ธ์„์ด ๊นƒ๋“  ํ•ด์งˆ๋…˜์˜ ์‚ฐ์•ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋А ์ •๋„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธด ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์ฃผ ์ƒํ™œ ์ดํ›„ ์ „๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ์ „๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊ฒจ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๊ทธ ์†์— ํ•จ์ถ•ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊น€๋ณดํฌ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. 

 

<Over the Trees – A Summer High Noon>๊ณผ <Over the Trees – An Autumn High Noon> ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค, <Jungmoon Street 201904>์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ œ์ฃผ ์ค‘๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ด„์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ž‘์—…, ํ˜น์€ ์ค‘๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์„์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ƒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ๋†๋„์™€ ๋น›์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•œ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ๋น›์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •์ž‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์—์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค.  

 

27๊ฐœ์˜ ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ <The Days>๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ํ™”๋ฉด ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™”๋ฉด ์†์— ํ”ผ์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฝƒ๊ณผ ์—ด๋งค๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ”ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, 2๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์„ธ๊ณ„์ด์ž ์‹ฌ์ƒ์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ’๊ด‘์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 

 

์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์ถ•ํ•œ <The Days>์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์ž์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ๋Š” ํ™•์—ฐํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„์„ ์ „ํ›„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™„์„ฑํ•œ ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์‹ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋‹ค๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋žŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ ํ”ํžˆ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ, ๋น„์Šค๋“ฌํžˆ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ, ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์ด๋ž˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด์™”๋˜ ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ผ์  ํˆฌ์‹œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ ์†์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์–‘ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ „๊ณตํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์‹ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ˜น์€ ์ข€ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋‹ค๋ณธ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์›๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™”๋ฉด์€ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์€ ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ž”์ž”ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์„ ๋Œ์•„ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜ ์œ ์„ ์  ํ๋ฆ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ํฌ๊ทผํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€์ฒ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ผ๊นจ์šด๋‹ค. 

 

<The Days>๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์ด ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์˜จ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๊ด€๋งํ•œ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋‹ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์›๊ฒฝ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด์ œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ถ ์†์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋‹ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™”๋ฉด ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”์ง ๋‹น๊ฒจ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋จน์˜ ๋†๋‹ด๊ณผ ๋ช…์•”์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ˆฒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ดํ•Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ <The Days> ์† ํ’€๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ, ์Œ์˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ๋ช… ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ ์ดˆ๋ก์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ์™€ ์žŽ, ๊ฝƒ์„ ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฝƒ๋Œ€, ์—ด๋งค๋ฅผ ๋งบ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ณ€์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ํƒœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ์‹ฌ์–ด ๋†“์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ฐฌ๋ž€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฌด์™€ ํ’€๊ณผ ๊ฝƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฟœ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋ฆ„์€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ช… ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‘œ์‹์ด๋‹ค. 

 

๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋น›๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฝ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ํ’๊ด‘์€ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐค๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์”จ์•—์—์„œ ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ”ผ๊ณ  ์—ด๋งค๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•จ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฒ• ๋Œ€์‹  ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์„ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ๋ฐค์„ ํฌ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์–ด๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ด ํ™”๋ฉด ์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Œ๊ณ  ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด ๊ณ ๊ฐฑ(1848~1903)์ด ๋ง๋…„์ž‘ <์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฐ€?>์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊น€๋ณดํฌ๋Š” <The Days>์— ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐค์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐค์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹น์ด ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ”ผ๊ณ  ์—ด๋งค๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํ’๊ฒฝ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํž˜์„ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์˜์†์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด์ž ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ <The Days>๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ์˜ ํ’๊ด‘์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์จ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„ ํ•œ ํŽธ์˜ ๋Œ€์„œ์‚ฌ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.  

 

๋งค์ผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ด์น˜์™€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์—๋Š” ๊ด€๊ฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ง ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์„œ๋ฉฐ ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฝ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํ•€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์‚ดํ•€ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ™”๋ฉด ์•ˆ์— ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ‰์›๋ฒ•์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋ฉด ์ „๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ž‘์—…์ด <The Terrace>์ด๋‹ค. <The Terrace>๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋œฐ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒํ™”ํ•œ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค์™€ ๋œฐ์„ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์•ˆ์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์–ด ๋ถ™์ธ ํ›„, ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚œ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋‚œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ฉด์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋“ค๋กœ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํ˜ธํฌ๋‹ˆ(1937~)์˜ ํ™”๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜ธํฌ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ์›๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ๋™์–‘ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ํ™”์™€ ํด ์„ธ์ž”(1839~1906)์˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ‰์›์  ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹๋ฌผ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ • ์—†์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.  

 

ํ•œํŽธ, <The Terrace>๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค์™€ ์ •์›์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ™”๋‘๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, 2017๋…„์„ ์ „ํ›„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ <Towards>๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์ฐฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ’๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ฐจ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์— ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋‹ด์€ ์ด๋“ค ์ž‘์—…์€ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋‹ค์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ๋‚˜์—ด๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฒฝ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋“ฏ ์ฐจ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ ์œ„๋ฅผ ์Šค์น˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ’๊ด‘๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋ฒ„๋žฉ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉํ˜ผ๋…˜์˜ ๋ถ‰์€๋น›์„ ๋จธ๊ธˆ์€ ํ™”๋ฉด์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์Šค์ณ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฐจ์ฐฝ ๋ฐ– ํ’๊ด‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์— ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ๋ฌด๊ฐ๊ฐํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธต์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ํ™ฉํ˜ผ๋…˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ˜„์žฌ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ต์ฐจ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒŒ์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์ž, ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ž‰ํƒœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ด€๋žŒ์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์€ ํ™”๋ฉด ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰๋˜์–ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๋ฉดํ™”๋œ ๋ฒฝ์ฒด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์Šค์ณ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ’๊ด‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์€ ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์› ๋˜ ์ œ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋žŒ์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋˜๋ฐ›์•„์นœ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญํ™”๋ฅผ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ„์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋ฐฐ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ ํ™”๋ฉด์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์„ ์†Œ์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋˜๋ฐ›์•„์ณ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.   

 

์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋“ฏ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊น€๋ณดํฌ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํž˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํž˜์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช… ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ  ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ„ฐ๋“ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ž, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์œ„์˜ ํƒœ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™ํ–‰์ž๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช… ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กด์ค‘๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ด€๋žŒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 

 

๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‹น๋‹นํ•จ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ „์‹œ์— ์ถœํ’ˆ๋œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฝƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์”จ์•—์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค์— ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์—†์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฝƒ๊ณผ ์”จ์•—๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๋‹น๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ž‘์€ ์”จ์•—์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฝƒ ์†์— ๊นƒ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํž˜์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์”จ์•—์€ ์ •์ž‘ ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์”จ์•—๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ž‰ํƒœํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ๊ณ  ๋„๋Š” ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์”จ์•— ์†์— ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ง์šธ์—์„œ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊ฝƒ์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ด๋งค๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋น„์œ ํ•œ <Self Portrait>์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์”จ์•— ์†์— ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ‘Towards’๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง„ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ „์‹œ๋Š” ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ(1757~1827)๊ฐ€ ใ€Œ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „์กฐใ€(1863)์—์„œ ์Š์—ˆ๋˜ ‘ํ•œ ์•Œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•œ ์†ก์ด ๋“ค๊ฝƒ์—์„œ ์ฒœ๊ตญ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ƒ๋ช… ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.   

 

 

Auguries of Innocence: 

The Universe Found in a Flower 

 

Hey-Kyung Ki (Director, Busan Museum of Art)

 

Bohie Kim portrays Jeju landscapes. It has been a long time since she started to travel to and from Jeju, but it was after the early 2000s that she took Jeju as her second home. Since settling down there, she began turning her eyes to the things that she comes across in her everyday life rather than making time to explore new subject matter. She rearranges things that she finds in her daily life on the canvas. Her paintings consist of the garden that she sees every day, the leaves, flowers, trees, and birds that she encounters there, the sea, Jeju landscapes that she views on the walkway, and the changes that contained in them. Involved in familiar objects which have already penetrated her life, she pays attention to the minor changes they reveal, and puts them on the canvas. They are things she sees every morning, but a flower blooms today from a bud put forth yesterday and a fruit will be borne tomorrow.

 

The exhibit title Towards is suggestive of such change. The dictionary definition of the English preposition “towards” includes “in the direction of,” indicating an orientation. Even so, this word cannot express an exact destination when used alone as it discloses its direction with the help of other words that are used with it. In this exhibition that chose Towards as the title, Bohie Kim entrusts the role of the linked word to various landscapes and plants that she has come across in Jeju.

The landscapes and plants she has encountered in her everyday life in Jeju allow Kim’s works to describe time and changes over time. They serve as a momentum to unveil temporal, weather, and natural changes in detail. Of course, temporality in her previous landscapes was more or less disclosed by mountains and fields around dawn when mist rises, or at sunset when the world is blazing red. However since her life in Jeju, Kim’s works have been particularly marked by objects drawn to the foreground of her scene, the changes caused by them, and time condensed within them.

 

Similar to the Impressionist paintings, changes in subject matter stemming from the concentration of moisture in the air, light intensity, and their differences can be discovered in her works such as Over the Trees—A Summer High Noon, Over the Trees—An Autumn High Noon, Jungmoon Street 201904, and other pieces featuring spring, summer and fall in Jungmoon. These paintings showcase differences of light as perceived by her eyes at a certain moment and the temporality brought on by this. And yet, her distinctive painting method pertaining to time is more vividly revealed in her works that highlight the passage of time and the changes caused by it. 

 

Created by putting 27 canvases together, The Days is a work that suggests her own unique concept of time, and the change provoked by it. The sea at dawn is placed on the left while a night sky is arranged in the upper right-hand corner of the canvas. Flowers and fruits depicted in this painting are those which cannot bloom in the same season in reality. This means that this work includes and implies time of one day, and furthermore, the cycle of a plant. Although it deals with the nature of reality, the world in this work that she executed over the course of two years, is a world created by the artist and an imaginary landscape rather than a natural being. This work began from an object found in reality but was reborn as scenery we cannot find in real life. 

 

Her way of portraying nature in The Days is implicative of the cycles of nature and time and is apparently different from her previous way of forging landscapes. A Bohie Kim-style landscape she completed around 2000 featured an object as seen from the standpoint of Oriental painting. Viewpoints of Oriental painting that were conceived to enable viewers to enjoy landscapes give shape to the way of looking up, looking down obliquely, and looking afar that people often take when facing the mountain. Unlike the one-point perspective pursued by Western art since the Renaissance, the viewpoint of Oriental painting causes viewers to visually travel around a landscape. Having majored in Oriental painting, she has completed the paragon of Bohie Kim-style landscape painting by making full use of the perspective of looking afar. By placing the landscape that viewed from a higher place or a little farther in the middle distance and the distant view of the canvas, her painting arouses a lyrical atmosphere with the subdued mountain edge and the flow of tranquil water. The meandering stream of a river flowing around a mountain forms a panoramic view on many of the canvases that are connected together, allowing us to view nature as a haven to which we must return.

 

The Days is a work in which she shifts her gaze to things up close, departing from the way of looking afar that was demonstrated in her previous landscapes. If her previous works can be described as utilizing the middle distance and distant view in order to capture the landscapes she viewed and observed, her newer works can be described as drawing objects close to the foreground in order to feature the plants she sees every day in Jeju. With this, the objects transform into things that should be observed up close, and the artist spends her time observing them. As a result, if her previous works alludes to the existence of mountain and forest by controlling the density of ink, the plants and trees in The Days are portrayed as vital beings with specific volume, weight and shade. This is conducted through observing them over time. Green stems and leaves freshly holding water, flower stalks embracing flowers, and trees bearing flowers and fruit reveal their own primal life force through variations of green. Plants brought to her canvas through close observation and minute description are invested with splendid vitality. Greenness emitted by these trees, grass, and flowers is a sign of aliveness and animation. 

Despite all of this, this scene created by plants that glow and flaunt vitality is not one that can be found in reality. It is permeated by a span of time from dawn to night and the cycle of nature in which a bud sprouts from a seed, a flower blooms, and fruit is borne. This is not a depiction of just one moment, but a connotation of time and following change in nature. For this, she places a scene of dawn on the left and a scene of night on the right instead of adopting the composition of a traditional Oriental painting that starts from the right and continues to the left. This composition was perhaps adopted to unmask the cycles of time, not because she did not take traditional Oriental painting’s idioms into consideration. Just as Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) posed a question concerning the origin of our lives in Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going (1897-1898), a work done in his later years, The Days features time flowing from dawn to night and then night to dawn as well as the cycle of nature generated in changes over time. Paying attention to aspects of nature and its hidden changes, laying out narratives on something beyond landscape, the artist perpetuates the power of life on the canvas. This could be either the life force of nature itself before humans became involved or a utopia the artist dreams of. In this sense, The Days can be thought of as a grand narrative she wrote on the theme of Jeju scenery. 

 

Bohie Kim’s works depict plants that approach our eyes and boast their greenness, unmasking the logic of nature and the cycle of life through quotidian scenes that she experiences every day. These plants, which appear in a panoramic form on the canvas, radiate a powerful sense of vitality to the extent that it might eliminates the difference between the center and the periphery. This effect is achieved through the reconstruction of objects in one scene after seeing each object from the best way to observe them as opposed to just one point of view. This way of seeing is a more active use of the traditional level-distance technique (ๅนณ้ ๆณ•, the technique of portraying an object while seeing it from eye level) that she employed in her previous landscapes. The Terrace is a work which more actively gives prominence to this technique. It was completed as a single scene by attaching many canvases together. An objectification of the terrace she sees on her way from her living room to her garden, this work features the terrace and the garden as seen from different viewpoints. It seems to put objects shot from different optical angles together and present them without correcting the difference in viewpoints. As a result, the balcony railing and the floor appear as broken lines on the canvas. This composition reminds viewers of the work of David Hockney (1937-). Hockney tried to find his own solution in Oriental painting and the multiple viewpoints of Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) going against Western perspective that established incongruously to the way that human eyes of camera angles work. Considering this fact, we realize that Kim presented the traditional way of viewing, which was used to produce plain landscape and plant scenery, without correction in this work.

 

The scenes of the terrace and garden The Terrace describes in each canvas are not those of the same time. Such different time zones involving in one painting became one of the overarching subjects in her works since her settlement in Jeju. In particular, the paintings titled Towards produced around 2017 appear considerably unprecedented. These works create a multi-layered structure by combining a scene seen through the car window and an image reflected onto the car window. There is an overlap between wall structures made up of numeric characters and landscapes brushing past the car window. The scene tinged with red at dusk showcases a continuation of numerals symbolic of time that flash past like scenes from a car window. The images revealed are different from that of insensible figures reflected on the surface of glass. They are in harmony with time at sunset, signaling that the present time overlaps with the past or the future. The scene in several layers composed of a train of figures, characters that disconnect them, and overlapped images lays out a wide array of narratives. However, the viewer’s gaze cannot get into the scene and slides on the canvas due to the two-dimensional wall structure, like scenery slipping by in a car window. This series of paintings draws the viewer’s attention more potently than other works featuring Jeju’s plants. Even though she majored in Korean painting, still uses powdered pigments, and forges compositions by adopting the traditional perspective of Oriental painting, her scenes are not in a space in which viewers are able to stroll but have become a flat area in which the viewers glide continuously. This means that the artist unveils situations of our time and tries to devise a way for communication, rather than making tradition something permanent. 

 

As reviewed above, Bohie Kim allows viewers to catch a glimpse of the power of life unmasked in time by living things and the iterative structure of this power through her paintings, tackling the passage of time and the alterations caused by it as her work’s seminal subject matter. This has been possible since she has treasured and taken care of animate beings for a long time and embraced the things around her as her companions, breaking away from any human-centered demeanor. Her respect and love for the living things she comes across in her daily routine enable viewers to face and admit their existence instead of accepting them merely as things to be looked at. 

The grandeur and life force her plants evoke are also aroused by grand flowers and seeds on show at this exhibition. They emerge without background images and gallantly flaunt their own presence on the canvas. These works show a maximization of the life force dwelling within them. All the same, the seeds depicted in her scenes are different from how they are in nature since she modifies them in diverse ways in the process of enlarging them. They develop the possibility of changing again through this process, which serves as an impetus to search for a cyclic process. In other words, they are laden with the principle of cycles. This is an integration of the principles of natural cycles in a seed, as demonstrated in Self-Portrait which likens her own life to the process; a flamboyant flower blooms from a small bud, withers, and again bears fruit. In this sense, the exhibition, titled Towards, seems to lay out a narrative on something that can be found in the living things we encounter in our everyday life, like in the line “To see the world in a grain of sand and heaven in a wild flower” that William Blake (1757-1827) sang in Auguries of Innocence (1863).

 

 

 


๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ •๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์А๋ผ๋ฅด์˜ ๋Œ€์ง€(ๅคงๅœฐ)๋กœ

์‹ฌ์ƒ์šฉ (๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ / ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜)

 

 

 

๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ •๊ธ€๊ณผ ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ์ˆฒ

‘๊ธธ๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ํƒˆ๋ฌธ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ‘์›์‹œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ’์—๋„ ์•”์•”๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐฐ์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ‘๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜’์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ง€(ๆœช็Ÿฅ)๋„ ๋‚™์›๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚™์›์˜ ์—ฐ์ƒ์— ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์„ ๋‹ค. ๋‚™์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์€ ์‡„๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ƒ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋นŒ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”, ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ด๋‚ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰๋˜๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์ „ํ†ต์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ—ˆ์œ„์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ด์˜จ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. (์งˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๋’ค๋ž‘) ์ฐธ๋œ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ณ ์ž‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€-์‹ค์žฌ์˜ ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ-์˜ ๋’ค๋‚˜ ์กธ์กธ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ผํƒˆ๋กœ ํ„ํ›ผ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋œ ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์Šคํ†ต ๋ฐ”์А๋ผ๋ฅด(1884~1962)์˜ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์  ๋Œ€๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€, ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ, ๋น„ํƒ€ ์ฝ˜ํ…œํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋ฐ”(vita contemplativa), ๊ณง ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์  ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํƒ€ ์•…ํ‹ฐ๋ฐ”(vita activa. ํ™œ๋™์  ์‚ถ)์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋งค๋ชฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค.

20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์„ธ๊ด€์› ์ถœ์‹  ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจ์†Œ(1844~1910)์˜ ์ •๊ธ€ ํšŒํ™”๋Š” ํ๋น„์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ง€๋˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๊ท ํ˜•์ถ”๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ด๊ตญ์ ์ธ ์šธ์ฐฝํ•œ ์ˆฒ์€ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ์ „์— ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ํ†  ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์ ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋™์šฉ ๋™๋ฌผ๋„๊ฐ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž„์—๋„, ํŒŒ๋ธ”๋กœ ํ”ผ์นด์†Œ(1881~1973)๋Š” ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ, ๊ฐ€์Šคํ†ต ๋ฐ”์А๋ผ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(la fonction de l’irréel)์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ณง ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ <์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ>(1895)์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์˜๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, <์•„๋น„๋‡ฝ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋…€๋“ค>(1907)์กฐ์ฐจ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.

์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด <์ž ์ž๋Š” ์ง‘์‹œ ์—ฌ์ธ>(1897)์—๋Š” ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๋น› ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹ค๋ฃจ์—ฃ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰, ๋งŒ๋Œ๋ฆฐ์„ ์˜†์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์ž ๋“  ์ „๋ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์น˜์ผœ๋“  ์ฑ„ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋งก์—๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜จ ์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š”, ์žฅ ์ฝ•ํ† (1889~1963)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. <๋ฑ€์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž>(1907)์—์„œ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ฐ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์€๋ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ์ธต ๊ณ ์กฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์‹ฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋ฑ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ •๊ธ€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฏค ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰์Šตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ์–ด์„คํ”ˆ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ ๋•์— ๋งน์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์ด ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ˆฒ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•ฝ์œก๊ฐ•์‹์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์ด์ž ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ์ƒ๋น„๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž„์„ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์‹œ์— ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ๋ฎ์น˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋Š” <๋ฐ€๋ฆผ์˜ ํญํ’>(1891)์—์„œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ธ ์‹ค์กด์  ์‚ถ์ธ ๋น„ํƒ€ ์•…ํ‹ฐ๋ฐ”์˜ ์นจ์ž…์„ ์–ด๋А ์ •๋„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.

์ˆฒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ •๊ธ€ ํšŒํ™” ์—ฐ์ž‘์€ ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ํšŒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„์ถ”๋Š” ์กฐ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณค ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊นƒํ„ธ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์•ผ์ƒ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ์ €๋งŒ์น˜ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด <๋ฑ€์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž>๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ๋” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์›์†Œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๋‘ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ™•์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ์ˆฒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„, ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ •๊ธ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋”๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œก์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ํญํ’์šฐ๋„ ๋ฒผ๋ฝ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŒŒ์—ด์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ๋ฐค์ƒˆ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๋ฃจ์†Œ์˜ ์ •๊ธ€๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ์ˆฒ์€ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ™๋ฉด, ๊ณง ‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ์ข…๊ฒฐ’์ธ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์˜ ํฅ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๊ณ , ๋ฐค์˜ ํƒ๋‹‰์€ ์ค‘์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๋ธŒ๋ก ํ…Œ(1818~1848)์˜ ์‹œ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. “์–ด์ฐŒ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด์ฐŒ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ์ง€! ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋А๋ผ๋„ค … ๊ณ ์š”ํ•จ์ด ๊นƒ๋“  ๊ณณ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„”

 

๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ํœด์‹

๋ฐ”์А๋ผ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์— ์ƒ์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ, ๊ณง ๋ถˆ, ๋ฌผ, ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ๋Œ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ํœด์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ง€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์˜์ง€(volonté)๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์š•๋ง์— ์ด๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์А๋ผ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ‘๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™(psychologie du contre)’์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋Œ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š” ํœด์‹(repos)์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ํž˜์ž…์–ด ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ “์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์€๋‘”์˜ ์‚ถ, ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ชจ์•„๋“ค์ธ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ, ํœด์‹์˜ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก, ์˜จ ๊ป์งˆ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค๋ผ”๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ๋ช…๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์— ์ง“๋ˆŒ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ(animal laborans)๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฝํ•ด ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์˜ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊น€์—†์ด ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐˆ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ํœด์‹์„ ์กด์žฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋•Œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์ธ ์•„๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋“œ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํšŒํ™”๋„ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹คํ•ด ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€์˜ค์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ํ”ผ์—ํŠธ ๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ(1872~1944)์€ ์‹ ์ง€ํ•™ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋ฃจ๋Œํ”„ ์Šˆํƒ€์ด๋„ˆ(1861~1925)์˜ ์ง„ํ™”(evolution) ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํšŒํ™”๋ก ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์งˆ์—์„œ ์ •์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ง€๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๋ง๋ ˆ๋น„์น˜(1878~1935)๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‹ ์ง€ํ•™์ž ํ‘œํŠธ๋ฅด ์šฐ์ŠคํŽœ์Šคํ‚ค(1878~1947)์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์„ค์— ๊นŠ์ด ๊ฐ๋ช…๋ฐ›์•„, ์˜ค์ง ์ง„ํ™”๋œ ์ •์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ค์žฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ ์นธ๋”˜์Šคํ‚ค(1866~1944)๋„, ํ”„๋ž€ํ‹ฐ์„น ์ฟ ํ”„์นด(1871~1957)๋„ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์™ธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์งˆ๋ฆด ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์•„๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋“œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฌธ์œจ์ด๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊น€๋ณดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋•… ์œ„์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ๋•€ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋™ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์— ์ฐพ์•„๋“œ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์А๋ผ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์›์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์›๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋˜, ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ํœด์‹, ๊ณง ๋•…์„ ์‚ถ์˜ ํ„ฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด, ๊ทธ ํ„ฐ์ „์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ์ˆฒ๊ณผ ์ˆฒ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์›์€ ํšŒ๋ณต๊ณผ ์น˜์œ ์˜ ์ˆฒ, ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ํ•ด๋…(่งฃๆฏ’)ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค๋†“๋Š” ์ •์›์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋‚™์›์ด๊ณ , ๊น€๋ณดํฌ๋Š” ๋‚™์›์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ณง ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค.

๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ํšŒํ™”๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์›์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์€ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ(imagination reproductrice)์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ, ๊ณง “์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ”์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์žฌํ˜„์„ ์ƒ์ƒ์  ์žฌํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‚™์›์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋‚™์›์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน๊ถŒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์А๋ผ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‚ถ์ด๋‹ค!

 

ํšŒ๋ณต๊ณผ ์น˜์œ ์˜ ํ•ด๋…๋œ ํ’๊ฒฝ

๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ์ˆฒ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์žฌํ˜„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌํ˜„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์žฌํ˜„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ํ’๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์žฌํ˜„์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ณดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•„์ž๋Š” 2006๋…„์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. “์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ•˜๋Š˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ ์ž–๊ฒŒ ๋กœ์Šค์ฝ”์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ํ•˜๋Š˜์€ ๋‰ด๋งŒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž”์ž”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ผ๋ ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์„ฑ(ๆฏๆ€ง)์— ๋Œ„๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ณ  ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ํ•˜๋Š˜์€ ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์–‘์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ์†์— ์žกํž ๋“ฏ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฉ€๋‹ค. ์ง€์ฒ™์ธ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ ธ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€๋…์ด๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถ”์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ฐˆ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์„ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.”

๊น€๋ณดํฌ์˜ ํšŒํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์žฌํ˜„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ๋ฟ, ์žฌํ˜„ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ™˜์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ˆ์ œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์–ด ์šด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ณดํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์žฌํ˜„๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์  ์žฌํ˜„, ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋‘ ์˜์—ญ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘๋ฆฝ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”์А๋ผ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ํฌ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์‹œ์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ƒ๋ณด์ ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์–‘์ž๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ž๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ์ฒ ํ•™๋งŒ์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ด๊ฒ ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”๋”์šฑ ํšŒํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊น€๋ณดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ-๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์›ํ•œ- ๋…น์ƒ‰์˜ ๋‚™์›์—์„œ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ํ—ค๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฟ ์ œ(1898~1979)๊ฐ€ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ, ๊ณง ‘๋ฏธํ•™๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ €์†ํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ซ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š”, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ผ์ฐจ์›์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์ด ์žกํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค. “์ƒ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถโ€•๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‚ถ์ด๋‹ค!” ์ƒ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋‹นํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋’ค๋ž‘์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์งˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ, ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๋“ค์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ €์†ํ•จ์˜ ๋ซ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์‚ถ์˜ ๋„์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋” ๋˜๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ณดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์กฐ์œจํ•œ ๋‚™์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ด๋‹ค.

 

 

 

 
Henri Rousseau’s Jungle to Gaston Bachelard’s Earth 

Sangyong Sim
Ph.D. in Art History & Professor at Seoul National University

 

Henri Rousseau’s Jungle and Bohie Kim’s Forest 


A fear of departing from civilization is inherent in the idiomatic phrase “untamed nature”. The set phrase “primitive vitality” is implicitly imbued with a feeling of weariness. The word “unknown” in “unknown future” is closer to a reminder of paradise lost than paradise itself. Any expectation of such a paradise is ultimately buried in the catastrophic world that is to come in the future. Unrealistic and inexperienced time and space, which resort to imagination and have to borrow the power of images, are soon enveloped in anxiety and fear. This is the principle reason behind why the time-honored tradition of Western thought has regarded the workings of imagination and images as the main culprits of fallacy and falsehood. (Gilbert Durand) In the tradition of Western philosophy that is known to have pursued the real, imagination has been belittled as a spiritual deviation that simply follows an image—just the veneer of reality. In the enlightened West since Descartes, or at least before the Copernican revolution on imagination and image by Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), the lives of modern humans had been under vita activa (active life) instead of vita contemplativa (contemplative life). This is due to their lives filled with scientific hypotheses, construction machinery, and the theory of evolution.
Paintings of jungle scenes by Henri Rousseau (1844-1910), who was a French customs officer in the early 20th century, served as a counterweight in the art scene of the time that was pervasive with Cubism. His exotic, luxuriant forests were entirely the product of his imagination. He had never traveled outside France during his lifetime. Even though his animal images were portrayed as referring to some illustrated animal books for children, Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) realized at a glance that there, at the center of Rousseau’s talent, was something not given to him, something Gaston Bachelard called “the function of the unreal (la fonction de l’irréel)”, i.e. imagination. Pablo Picasso’s work, The Young Ladies of Avignon (1907) could not have come about without his inspiration from Henri Rousseau’s work, Portrait of a Woman (1895).
For instance, The Sleeping Gypsy (1897) well reveals the factors that make up Rousseau’s talents. The atmosphere engendered by an unrealistic combination of such elements as a desert that exposes its silhouette under the pale moonlight, a woman sleeping beside a mandolin, and a lion with an erect tail approaching the woman implies a hazard that disguised as puzzling tension and quietude as Jean Cocteau (1889-1963) once mentioned. Tension in The Snake Charmer (1907) is still furtive but rises even higher. In it, snakes dance to the music of a flute being played by a woman at night. Another painting features a tiger that makes a surprise attack on a water buffalo at the edge of a seemingly peaceful jungle. The predatory animal’s hunting methods appear less realistic thanks to Rousseau’s imagination and clumsy depiction, but this does not conceal the fact that it is still the site with the law of the jungle, the space of reserved deaths. A tiger as a predator is also featured in Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!) (1891). Rousseau’s imagination works to extend vita activa (active life), an existential life that is fraught with tension and anxiety to some extent.
Rousseau's series of jungle paintings are regarded as fine references in seeing Bohie Kim’s works in that her paintings shows some similarities with his; both using woods motif and transforming the world through one’s imagination. This is particularly visible in The Snake Charmer. Yet the two worlds are definitely distinguished from each other due to the differing elements in their works. Kim’s jungle is much safer than that of Rousseau, even though it retains a considerable reality. This jungle is no longer a hunting ground: there are no predators, storms, or lightening. Above all, there is no painful insomnia, one of the evidences of a rupture in time. Unlike Rousseau’s jungle in which members of the wilderness feast throughout the night, Kim’s forest does not obstruct the sleep of every animated being, that is, “the quality conclusion of time”.  The excitement of daytime calms down and the indulgence of night is suspended. A verse by Emily Bronte (1818-1848) comes to mind: “How still, how happy! Now I feel … Where silence dwells is sweeter far.” 

Repose of the Earth
Gaston Bachelard saw the four elements -fire, water, air, and earth, which contain two contradictory mobility within each of them, as the basic elements of the imagination. One of those eight is the repose of the earth. The earth used to resist against humanity with its hostile will (volonté) due to its solid, stable traits and the human desire to conquer it. This indicates what Bachelard called, “counter psychology (pychologie du contre)”. And yet, the earth has the nature of repose to go inside of itself. The imagination is a power to recover life force by entering deep into itself. The imagination of the earth is also “a suggestion to filter into every skin in order to experience every value of truly reclusive life, introspective life with the body and mind, and repose.” 

It is time to call for our imagination to draw the repose of the earth into our existence when we are pressed down by life, regarding labor for evolution as an absolute order, when we degenerate into animal laborans, and when the elements of meditation are almost depleted. Painting joined the ranks of progress and evolution in the avant-garde era, the golden age of Western art. For example, Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) took the concept of evolution by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), a theosophical theorist as the foundation of his theory on painting. It was an obsession with the assertion that we have to evolve from matter to spirit. Deeply inspired by the evolution theory of the human soul by Pyotr D. Ouspenskii (1878-1947), a Russian theosophist, Kazimir Malevich (1879-1935) pursued the world of new reality allowed only to an evolved spirit. Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) and František Kupka (1871-1957) also rushed forward, asserting evolution. As such, to fully relish the possibilities of the world and to evolve quickly are the steadfast unwritten laws in the post-avant-garde age.
On the other hand, the world Kim has envisaged is concerned with a tale of happiness and recovery after laboring with hard work and sweat. This is associated with the happiness and vitality provided by the repose of the earth as defined by Bachelard. Kim’s forest, plants in the forest, and garden is either a forest of recovery and cure or a garden which retrieves our lives of meditation by detoxifying reality. This is a paradise and Kim is the artist who resumes its operation.
Kim’s paintings are ultimately derived from the elements of her imagination inherent in her inner self. Her imaginative faculty here is not the reproductive imagination (imagination reproductrice) but creative one, i.e. the imagination as “a psychologically useful, unrealistic function." This is a process made possible by turning objective representation into imaginative representation, and this creative imagination is one’s active capability to overcome a given reality. One who has no imaginable elements cannot portray a paradise: the privilege to illustrate this paradise is given to whom experienced it with his or her imagination. The painter’s identity to be brought to mind in our time is one who retains such elements of imagination. Bachelard is right. Imaginative life is true life!

A Detoxified Landscape of Recovery and Healing
Bohie Kim’s forests do not reject an objective representation of nature, but nothing is representational in her world. A seascape that seems quite representational is actually not. I described her seascapes in my 2006 essay as follows: “Sky and water merge directly into each other in this world. While her sea is Mark Rothkoian, her sky is Barnett Newmanian. The serenely choppy water is maternal while the cold, fresh sky is paternal. The two are so close that they seem likely to grab one another and go far away. The boundary between them is just a stone’s throw away from each other, but they gradually grow apart. It is both a being and an idea as well as reality and abstraction. A horizon is at its center like a concentration of deep longing and waiting.”
Kim’s painting is merely rejecting objective representation, not representation itself. A device for creating an optical illusion is in operation through moderation or modification rather than being refused. The two realms of objective representation and imaginative representation as well as imaginative reproduction and creative production are not oppositive, and have the potential to be compatible. This acts in concert with Bachelard’s philosophical hope. He regarded the hope of philosophy as a complementarity of poem and science, merging them into well-matched opponents. Why be it the hope of philosophy alone? What is more, it is also the expectation of painting.
Through the green paradise designed –or restored- by Kim’s imagination, we can recognize the awakening from the reality; the one trapped in “a vulgar coalition of aesthetics and reality;” and trammeled in a one-dimensional society that Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) spoke of. “Imaginative life. That is a true life!” Any solution becomes trapped in vulgarity when we are deprived of the imaginative life, or, as Durand remarked, when images are allowed to suffocate our imagination. We can clearly see such a risk in every corner of our modern lives. This is a collateral privilege that derives from the paradise Kim has transformed and adjusted with her imagination.

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